Archive

Archive for the ‘cost-benefit’ Category

Let`s recreate the Paleocene! Giant snakes, "fat tails", cost-benefit analysis and climate change; Weitzman replies to Nordhaus

February 11th, 2009 1 comment

Giant snakes?  What could a few colossal bones found in Colombia have to do with us now?

1.  A recent paper in Nature about the discovery of several specimens of a giant snake (“Titanoboa”) that lived in Latin America 60 million years ago captured attention last week, including among climate change bloggers (yes, “skeptics” too).  Why?  Not only because the snakes were enormous (more than 40 feet and over a ton) – making anacondas look like garter snakes – but because their size appears to tell us something about the climate about during the Paleocene.  Based on existing knowledge of the size, metabolism and temperature tolerances of  snakes, scientists believe that the size of the snake appears to indicate that not only was the world overall quite warm during the Paleocene (with palms growing at the poles), but that average temperatures in the tropics would have been from 3° to 5° Celsius (5° to 9° F) warmer than they are today in order for such large snakes to  survive.

The period in which these snakes lived was followed a few million years later by the Paleocene – Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) in 56 million BC, when a pulse of CO2 and methane drove already warm temperatures sharply higher (by 5° Celsius / 9° F) in less than 10,000 years. During the PETM, CO2 levels rose to about 2000 ppm, or roughly 6 times  where they are now. The PETM resulted in a massive extinction of species.

The size of the snakes and the temperatures at their time and shortly after during the PETM also tell us that climate is sensitive (on geological scales, sometimes rather short-term) to atmospheric levels of carbon and methane – and remind us that there is a “fat tail” of uncertain climate change risks posed by mankind`s ramped up efforts to release as much as possible of the CO2 that has been stored up in the form of fossil fuels, methane and limestone over millions years.  

2.  I have mentioned the issue of “fat tails” previously, in connection with attempts at applying cost – benefit analysis (CBA) to determine whether to tax CO2 emissions.  While economists like Yale`s William Nordhaus who have applied CBA to climate policy have been saying for decades that taxing carbon makes sense on a net basis, our own Bob Murphy has criticized Nordhaus`s approach on rather narrow (and decidedly non-Austrian) grounds.

But Nordhaus has also been strongly criticized by economists such as Harvard`s Martin Weitzman, who basically argue that Nordhaus has UNDERSOLD the case for carbon pricing or that the results of such CBA imply a greater certainty of knowledge (and complacency) than is deserved.  Weitzman points out basic difficulties inherent in applying CBA to policies addressing climate change, particularly where there seems to be a grave possibility that we do not understand how drastically the climate might respond to our influences.  Weitzman`s comments (scheduled to appear in the February issue of The Review of Economics and Statistics) were the focus of the lead essay by Jim Manzi in Cato Unbound`s August 2008 issue, which I reviewed.

Nordhaus has since responded to Weitzman, and this time with Bob Murphy stepped in as a defender of CBA.  Weitzman has now replied to Nordhaus, and has kindly permitted me to quote from the current draft of such reply.  It seems that Weitzman provides a compelling statement of some the limits of CBA, as applied to climate change. It seems to me that any Austrian ought to be sympathetic to Weitzman`s criticisms of the limits of CBA.

(NB:  Weitzman`s draft response is a .pdf file that I cannot upload, though I have uploaded a version convert to .txt format.  I am happy to forward the .pdf to any interested readers.)

The rest of the post sets out the most salient (for a layman) of Weitzman`s key points:

“there is enormous structural uncertainty about the economics of extreme climate change,
which, if not unique, is pretty rare. I will argue on intuitive grounds
that the way in which this deep structural uncertainty is
conceptualized and formalized should influence substantially the
outcomes of any reasonable CBA (or IAM) of climate change. Further, I
will argue that the seeming fact that this deep structural
uncertainty does not influence substantially outcomes from the
“standard” CBA hints at an implausible treatment of uncertainty.”

“The
pre-industrial-revolution level of atmospheric CO2 (about two centuries
ago) was

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


about280 parts per million (ppm). The ice-core data show that
carbon dioxide was within a range roughly between

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


180 and

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


280 ppm
during the last 800,000 years. Currently, CO2 is at

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


385 ppm, and
climbing steeply. Methane was never higher than

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


750 parts per billion
(ppb) in 800,000 years, but now this extremely potent GHG, which is
thirty times more powerful than CO2, is at

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


1,780 ppb. The sum total of
all carbon-dioxide-equivalent (CO2-e) GHGs is currently at

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


435 ppm.
Even more alarming in the 800,000-year record is the rate of change of
GHGs, with increases in CO2 being below (and typically well below)

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


40
ppm within any past sub-period of ten thousand years, while now CO2 has
risen by

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


40 ppm in just the last quarter century.

Thus, anthropogenic
activity has elevated atmospheric CO2 and CH4 to levels extraordinarily
far outside their natural range – and at a stupendously rapid rate. The
scale and speed of recent GHG increases makes predictions of future
climate change highly uncertain.  There is no analogue for anything
like this happening in the past geological record. Therefore, we do not
really know with much confidence what will happen next.”

“To keep atmospheric CO2 levels at twice pre-industrial-revolution levels would require not just stable but sharply declining emissions within a few decades from now. Forecasting
ahead a century or two, the levels of atmospheric GHGs that may
ultimately be attained (unless drastic measures are undertaken) have
likely not existed for tens of millions of years and the rate of change
will likely be unique on a time scale of hundreds of millions of years.

Remarkably,
the “standard”CBA of climate change takes essentially no account of the
extraordinary magnitude of the scale and speed of these unprecedented
changes in GHGs – and the extraordinary uncertainties they create for
any believable economic analysis of climate change.
Perhaps even
more astonishing is the fact that the “policy ramp” of gradually
tightening emissions, which emerges from the “standard” CBA, attains
stabilization at levels of CO2-e GHGs that approach

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


700 ppm. The
“standard” CBA [of Nordhaus] thus recommends imposing an impulse or
shock to the Earth’s system by geologically-instantaneously jolting
atmospheric stocks of GHGs up to

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


21/2 times their highest past level
over the last 800,000 years – without even mentioning what an
unprecedented planetary experiment such an “optimal” policy would
entail.”

“So-called
“climate sensitivity” (hereafter denoted S1) is a key macro-indicator
of the eventual temperature response to GHG changes. Climate
sensitivity is defi…ned as the global average surface warming following
a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations. … the median upper 5%
probability level over all 22 climate-sensitivity studies cited in
IPCC-AR4 (2007) is 6.4° C – and this stylized fact alone is telling.
Glancing at Table 9.3 and Box 10.2 of IPCC-AR4, it is apparent that the
upper tails of these 22 PDFs tend to be sufficiently long and heavy
with probability that one is allowed from a simplistically-aggregated
PDF of these 22 studies the rough approximation P[S1>10° C]

Normal
0

0
2

false
false
false

MicrosoftInternetExplorer4


1%. The
actual empirical reason why these upper tails are long and heavy with
probability dovetails nicely with the theory of my paper: inductive
knowledge is always useful, of course, but simultaneously it is limited
in what it can tell us about extreme events outside the range of
experience – in which case one is forced back onto depending more than
one might wish upon the prior PDF, which of necessity is largely
subjective and relatively diffuse. As a recent Science commentary put
it: “Once the world has warmed by 4° C, conditions will be so
different from anything we can observe today (and still more different
from the last ice age) that it is inherently hard to say where the
warming will stop.”

“Exhibit C” concerns possibly disastrous releases over the long run of bad-feedback components
of the carbon cycle that are currently omitted from most general
circulation models. The chief worry here is a significant supplementary
component that conceptually should be added on to climate sensitivity
S1. This omitted component concerns the potentially powerful
self-amplification potential of greenhouse warming due to heat-induced
releases of sequestered carbon. … Over the long run, a CH4
outgassing-amplifier process could potentially precipitate a
cataclysmic strong-positive-feedback warming
. This real physical
basis for a highly unsure but truly catastrophic scenario is my Exhibit
C in the case that conventional CBAs and IAMs do not adequately cover
the deep structural uncertainties associated with possible
climate-change disasters.  Other examples of an actual real physical
basis for a catastrophic outcome could be cited, but this one will do
here.  The real physical possibility of endogenous heat-triggered
releases at high temperatures of the enormous amounts of
naturally-sequestered GHGs is a good example of indirect carbon-cycle
feedback effects that I think should be included in the abstract
interpretation of a concept of “climate sensitivity” that is relevant
here. What matters for the economics of climate change is the
reduced-form relationship between atmospheric stocks of
anthropogenically-injected CO2-e GHGs and temperature change. … When
fed into an economic analysis, the great open-ended uncertainty about
eventual mean planetary temperature change cascades into
yet-much-greater yet-much-more-open-ended uncertainty about eventual
changes in welfare.”

“Exhibit
D” concerns what I view as an unusually cavalier treatment of damages or
disutilities from extreme temperature changes. The “standard” CBA
treats high-temperature damages by a rather passive extrapolation of
whatever specification is assumed (typically arbitrarily) to be the
low-temperature “damages function.”  … Seemingly minor changes in
the specification of high-temperature damages can dramatically alter
the gradualist policy ramp outcomes recommended by the “standard” CBA.

Such fragility of policy to postulated forms of disutility functions
are my Exhibit D in making the case that the “standard” CBA does not
adequately cope with deep structural uncertainty – here structural
uncertainty about the specification of damages.”

“An
experiment without precedent is being performed on planet Earth by
subjecting the world to the shock of a geologically-instantaneous
injection of massive amounts of GHGs. Yet the “standard” CBA seems
almost oblivious to the extraordinarily uncertain consequences of
catastrophic climate change.”

“Almost
nothing in our world has a probability of exactly zero or exactly one.
What is worrisome is not the fact that extreme tails are long per se
(reflecting
the fact that a meaningful upper bound on disutility does not exist),
but that they are fat (with probability density). The critical
question is how fast does the probability of a catastrophe decline
relative to the welfare impact of the catastrophe. Other things being
equal, a thin-tailed PDF is of less concern because the probability of
the bad event declines exponentially (or faster). A fat-tailed
distribution, where the probability declines polynomially, can be much
more worrisome.
… To put a sharp point on this seemingly abstract issue, the
thin-tailed PDFs that Nordhaus requires implicitly to support his
gradualist “policy ramp” conclusions have some theoretical tendency to
morph into being fat tailed when he admits that he is fuzzy about the
functional forms or structural parameters of his assumed thin-tailed
PDFs
– at least for high temperatures. … When one combines fat
tails in the PDF of the logarithm of welfare-equivalent consumption
with a utility function that is sensitive to high damages from extreme
temperatures, it will tend to make the willingness to pay (WTP) to
avoid extreme climate changes very large.”

“Presumably
the PDF in the bad fat tail is thinned, or even truncated, perhaps from
considerations akin to what lies behind the value of a statistical life
(VSL). (After all, we would not pay an infinite amount to eliminate
altogether the fat tail of climate-change catastrophes.) Alas, in
whatever way the bad fat tail is thinned or truncated, a CBA based upon
it remains highly sensitive to the details of the thinning or
truncation mechanism, because the disutility of extreme climate change
has “essentially” unlimited liability.
In this sense climate change
is unique (or at least very rare) because the conclusions from a CBA
for such an unlimited-liability situation have some built-in tendency
to be non-robust to assumed tail fatness.”

“Reasonable
attempts to constrict the fatness of the “bad” tail can still leave us
with uncomfortably big numbers, whose exact value depends non-robustly
upon artificial constraints, functional forms, or parameters that we
really do not understand. The only legitimate way to avoid this
potential problem is when there exists strong a priori knowledge that
restrains the extent of total damages.
If a particular type of
idiosyncratic uncertainty affects only one small part of an
individual’s or a society’s overall portfolio of assets, exposure is
naturally limited to that specific component and bad-tail fatness is
not such a paramount concern. However, some very few but very
important real-world situations have potentially unlimited exposure due
to structural uncertainty about their potentially open-ended
catastrophic reach. Climate change potentially affects the whole
worldwide portfolio of utility by threatening to drive all of planetary
welfare to disastrously low levels in the most extreme scenarios.”

“Conclusions
from CBA [are] more fuzzy than we might prefer, because they are
dependent on essentially arbitrary decisions about how the fat tails
are expressed and about how the damages from high temperatures are
specified.
I would make a strong distinction between thin-tailed
CBA, where there is no reason in principle that outcomes should not be
robust, and fat-tailed CBA, where even in principle outcomes are
highly sensitive to functional forms and parameter values. For ordinary
run-of-the-mill limited exposure or thin-tailed situations, there is at
least the underlying theoretical reassurance that finite-cutoff-based
CBA might (at least in principle) be an arbitrarily-close approximation
to something that is accurate and objective. In fat-tailed unlimited
exposure situations, by contrast, there is no such theoretical
assurance underpinning the arbitrary cutoffs or attenuations – and
therefore CBA outcomes have a theoretical tendency to be sensitive to
fragile assumptions about the likelihood of extreme impacts and how
much disutility they cause.”

“My
target is not CBA in general, but the particular false precision
conveyed by the misplaced concreteness of the “standard” CBA of climate
change. By all means plug in tail probabilities, plug in disutilities
of high impacts, plug in rates of pure time preference, and so forth,
and then see what emerges empirically. Only please do not be surprised
when outcomes from fat-tailed CBA are fragile to specifications
concerning catastrophic extremes.  The extraordinary magnitude of the
deep structural uncertainties involved in climate-change CBA, and the
implied limitations that prevent CBA from reaching robust conclusions,
are highly frustrating for most economists, and in my view may even
push some into a state of denial. After all, economists make a living
from plugging rough numbers into simple models and reaching specific
conclusions (more or less) on the basis of these numbers. What are we
supposed to tell policy makers and politicians if our conclusions are
ambiguous and fragile?”

“It is
threatening for economists to have to admit that the structural
uncertainties and unlimited liabilities of climate change run so deep
that gung-ho “can do” economics may be up against limits on the ability of quantitative analysis to give robust advice in such a grey area. But if this is the way things are with the economics of climate change, then this is the way things are – and non-robustness to subjective assumptions is an inconvenient truth to be lived with rather than a fact to be denied or evaded
just because it looks less scientif…cally objective in CBA. In my
opinion, we economists need to admit to the policy makers, the
politicians, and the public that CBA of climate change is unusual
in being especially fuzzy because it depends especially sensitively on
what is subjectively assumed about the high-temperature damages
function, along with subjective judgements about the fatness of the
extreme tails and/or where they have effectively been cut off
.
Policy makers and the public will just have to deal with the idea that
CBA of climate change is less crisp (maybe I should say even less
crisp) than CBAs of more conventional situations.”

“The
moral of the dismal theorem is that under extreme uncertainty,
seemingly casual decisions about functional forms, parameter values,
and tail thickness may be dominant. We economists should not pursue
a narrow, superficially precise, analysis by blowing away the
low-probability high-impact catastrophic scenarios as if this is a
necessary price we must pay for the worthy goal of giving crisp advice.
An artificial infatuation with precision is likely to make our analysis
go seriously askew and to undermine the credibility of what we say by
effectively marginalizing the very possibilities that make climate
change grave in the first place.

“The
issue of how to deal with the deep structural uncertainties in climate
change would be completely different and immensely simpler if systemic
inertias (like the time required for the system to naturally remove
extra atmospheric CO2) were short (as is the case for SO2;
particulates, and many other airborne pollutants). Then an important
part of an optimal strategy would presumably be along the lines of
“wait and see.” With strong reversibility, an optimal
climate-change policy should logically involve (among other elements)
waiting to see how far out on the bad fat tail the planet will end up,
followed by midcourse corrections if we seem to be headed for a
disaster. This is the ultimate backstop rebuttal of DT given by some
critics of fat-tailed reasoning, including Nordhaus. Alas, the problem
of climate change is characterized everywhere by immensely long
inertias – in atmospheric CO2 removal times, in the capacity of the
oceans to absorb heat (as well as CO2), and in many other relevant
physical and biological processes. Therefore, it is an open question
whether or not we could learn enough in sufficient time to make
politically feasible midcourse corrections. When the critics are
gambling on this midcourse-correction learning mechanism to undercut
the message of DT, they are relying more on an article of faith than on
any kind of evidence-based scientific argument.

“I
think the actual scientific facts behind the alleged feasibility of
“wait and see”policies are, if anything, additional evidence for the
importance of fat-tailed irreversible uncertainty about ultimate
climate change.

“The
relevance of “wait and see”policies is an important unresolved issue,
which in principle could decide the debate between me and Nordhaus, but
my own take right now would be that the built-in pipeline inertias
are so great that if and when we detect that we are heading for
unacceptable climate change, it will likely prove too late to do
anything much about it for centuries to come thereafter
(except,
possibly, for lowering temperatures by geoengineering the atmosphere to
reflect back incoming solar radiation). In any event, I see this whole
“wait and see” issue as yet another component of fat-tailed uncertainty
– rather than being a reliable backstop strategy for dealing with
excessive CO2 in the atmosphere.

Nordhaus
states that there are so many low-probability catastrophic-impact
scenarios around that ‘if we accept the Dismal Theorem, we would
probably dissolve in a sea of anxiety at the prospect of the infinity
of infinitely bad outcomes.’ This is rhetorical excess and, more to the
point here, it is fallacious. Most of the examples Nordhaus gives have
such miniscule thin-tailed probabilities that they can be written off.”

Nordhaus
summarizes his critique with the idea there are indeed deep
uncertainties about virtually every aspect of the natural and social
sciences of climate change – but these uncertainties can only be
resolved by continued careful analysis of data and theories. I heartily
endorse his constructive attitude about the necessity of further
research targeted toward a goal of resolving as much of the uncertainty
as it is humanly possible to resolve.
I would just add that we
should also recognize the reality that, for now and perhaps for some
time to come, the sheer magnitude of the deep structural uncertainties,
and the way we express them in our models, will likely dominate
plausible applications of CBA to the economics of climate change
.”

(emphasis added)

Bob Murphy punts on whether "Cap and Trade" is a "market solution"

July 8th, 2008 1 comment

In response to my comments last month to Bob Murphy‘s June 4 blog post, Cap and Trade Is Not a “Market Solution”, Bob has kindly noted on the blog thread his intention not to let my comments on his post remain the last word:

Just following up on an old thread here: TokyoTom, I have to pass right now on answering your (good) objections. As with Silas [aka Person], I can’t take the time to give you a really good answer, just to post on a blog.

For what it’s worth, I do plan on doing a formal response to Weitzman’s work on fat tailed uncertainty vis-a-vis climate change. And re: Silas’ objections, I might be able to justify using “work hours” to write up something for the QJAE or JLS on a free market response to AGW.

Published: June 30, 2008 2:23 PM

(link and emphasis added)

I look forward to your response, Bob.

GAO releases report summarizing views of leading economists on climate change policy

June 20th, 2008 No comments

At the request of Congress, the General Accounting Office has prepared and recently publicly released a report, “Expert Opinion on Economics of Policy Options to Address Climate Change,” which summarizes the views of leading climate change economists in the U.S. on the cost and benefits of taking national action on climate change and regarding various policy options.

Key items from the transmittal cover letter to Congress include the following:

All of the panelists agreed that the Congress should consider using a market-based mechanism to establish a price on greenhouse gas emissions.

The majority of panelists agreed that the United States should establish a price on greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible regardless of the extent to which other countries adopt similar policies. At the same time, the majority of panelists said it was at least somewhat important to participate in international negotiations on climate change.

Experts differed on the initial stringency of the market-based mechanism, with 14 of the 18 panelists recommending an initial price between less than $1 and $20 per ton of emissions.

14 of 18 panelists were at least moderately certain that the benefits of their recommended portfolio of actions would outweigh the costs.

To establish a price on emissions, most of the panelists preferred either a tax on emissions or a hybrid policy that incorporates features of both a tax and a cap-and-trade program. A tax would set a fixed price on every ton of emissions, whereas a cap-and-trade program would limit or cap total emissions and establish a market for trading (buying and selling) permits to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases. Under the cap-and-trade system, the market would determine the price of emissions. A hybrid system differs from a traditional cap-and-trade system in that the government would cap emissions, but could sell additional emissions permits if the permit price rose above a predetermined level.

Panelists identified key strengths and limitations of alternative policy approaches that should be of assistance to the Congress in weighing the potential benefits and costs of different policies for addressing climate change. Many panelists said that a cap-and-trade program would be more effective in achieving a desired level of greenhouse gas emissions because, unlike a tax, it would provide certainty that emissions wouldn’t exceed a certain level. However, some of the panelists also said that taxes would be more cost-effective than a cap-and-trade program because the price of emissions would be certain and not susceptible to market fluctuations. Eight panelists therefore preferred a hybrid approach that incorporates features of both a tax and a cap-and-trade program.

On average, the panelists rated cost effectiveness as the most important criterion for evaluating various policy options.

Finally, panelists said an important strength of using a market-based approach is the ability for the government to raise revenue through a tax or the sale of emissions permits and to use that revenue to offset the adverse effects of the policy.

The introduction contains a brief but useful summary of climate change knowledge and policy action to date in the US and internationally, as well as an extensive bibliography.

Economists consulted in preparing the report include:

Joseph Aldy, Resources for the Future
James Edmonds, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richard Howarth, Dartmouth College
Bruce McCarl, Texas A&M University
Robert Mendelsohn, Yale University
William Nordhaus, Yale University
Sergey Paltsev, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
William Pizer, Resources for the Future
David Popp, Syracuse University
John Reilly, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Roger Sedjo, Resources for the Future
Kathleen Segerson, University of Connecticut
Brent Sohngen, Ohio State University
Robert Stavins, Harvard University
Richard Tol, Economic and Social Research Institute
Martin Weitzman, Harvard University
Peter Wilcoxen, Syracuse University
Gary Yohe, Wesleyan University

Categories: climate change, cost-benefit, economists, GAO Tags:

[Updated] Bob Murphy heroically nitpicks the CBA model of reluctant carbon tax advocate, William Nordhaus

June 5th, 2008 2 comments

Bob Murphy, an economist at Rob Bradley‘s Institute for Energy Research, has posted on the main Mises Blog a link to a paper that he has submitted to an economic journal, “Rolling the DICE: Nordhaus’ Dubious Case for a Carbon Tax“.

[Update:  Bob thoughtfully copied environmental economist David Zetland on his draft paper, and while he has not returned to comment at his own Mises thread, Bob has made further comments at David’s blog and at his own shared blog.]

IER promotes Murphy’s paper as ambitiously “tackl[ing] the basic premise of pricing carbon … using William Nordhaus’ DICE model as the representative of economic orthodoxy”, but it seems to me that both his objectives and his achievements are far more modest.  Murphy:

(1) fails to attack either the fundamental premises of orthodox cost-benefit analysis as applied to climate change or the basic premises of the DICE model,

(2) focusses chiefly on various uncertainties involved in the parameters in Nordhaus’ model, while ignoring not only that such uncertainties cut in more than one direction, but that other economists have strongly argued that Nordhaus has underestimated or mishandled important damages and uncertainties (e.g., John Quiggin and Sterner & Persson) and has simply misunderstood the usefulness of CBA in the face of important uncertainties that CBA cannot easily handle (e.g., Martin Weitzman, Richard Tol, others),

(3) fails to note the point (made by McKitrick and others) that even if imperfect, carbon taxes, if substituted for income, capital gains and other taxes, will significantly lessen important economic distortions; and

(3) fails to offer much in the way of Austrian approaches to CBA, much less to the property rights and preference issues involved in economic decisions involving significant externalities or open-access common resources, fails to point to possible ways in which government policy may be inefficient, costly, and subject to the skewing effects of rent-seeking, and fails to recommend important policy changes that are needed to facilitate a transition to a lower carbon economy, by promoting economic freedom, competition in energy and power markets, easing corporate tax depreciation rules that slow innovation, and strengthening property rights and common law enforcement mechanisms (Bruce Yandle and Jon Adler have both made concrete suggestions on desirable policy changes; what is holding back people at LvMI?)

In short, what Murphy delivers is flawed and far less than billed.

[Update:  As Ludwig von Mises himself noted (see my blog post Mises on fixing externalities“), private property institutions arose in response to the economic inefficiency of older systems that did not force economic actors to bear the external effects of their actions.  We are intelligent and occasionally rational creatures – why should we not be pro-actively considering what institutions might be desirable and feasible for dealing with the effects of our activities on the atmosphere and  climate (and oceans, ecosystems and unowned species, or how to improve governance in countries that don’t recognize or protect property rights)?]

I copy below (with some typo corrections) the comments that I posted on Bob’s Mises thread; I will try to revisit later to add links and further resources:

Bob, thanks for posting this

Here are a few quick notes:

– although you note that every step in Nordhaus’ analysis involves uncertainty, you have failed to note Marty Weitzman’s recent work that tells us how strongly uncertainly serves as a factor SUPPORTING early action – an important factor that neither Nordhaus nor you take into account at all. Weitzman states, “the influence on cost-benefit analysis of fat-tailed structural uncertainty about climate change, coupled with great unsureness about high-temperature damages, can outweigh the influence of discounting or anything else.”

– while you indicate that one key area of uncertainty is that future GHG concentrations may be overstated, your observations actually suggest the opposite – that because the oceanic sink is finite, as it becomes saturated atmospheric GHG concentrations are apt to rise even more sharply.

– while you indicate that the temperature increase form a given GHG concentration may be overstated, you ignore the possibility of the opposite – that the long-term temperature impact of a given GHG level may be higher than the number Nordhaus has used. Further, given paleo evidence that Hansen has noted, it appears unlikely that climate sensitivity will be less than 3 degrees C.

– Similarly, while you note that economic damages from a given temperature increase may be overstated, you fail to address the possibility that such damages may be understated – and also fail to note that the Earth is apparently more sensitive to climate changes than has been expected, witness the rapid Arctic/Greenland melting that we are seeing at only a 0.7 C increase, and the rapid expansion of tropical zones.

– it is a distinct possibility that Nordhaus has underestimated nonmarket damages, as John Quiggin and others argue. In any case, Nordhaus does not account for the changing relative prices for various goods and services that the changing composition of the economy and climate change will induce,as Sterner and Persson have noted in a recent paper at RFF:

“future scarcities that will be induced by the changing composition of the economy and climate change should lead to rising relative prices for certain goods and services, raising the estimated damage of climate change and counteracting the effect of discounting. … [C]hanging relative prices … has major implications for a correct valuation of future climate damages. We introduce these results into a slightly modified version of the DICE model (Nordhaus 1994) and find that taking relative prices into account can have as large an effect on economically warranted abatement levels as can a low discount rate.”

– in looking at damages, you tend to focus on the US picture alone, without regard to other nations – largely poorer ones – in which greater net losses are expected to be felt. You also completely fail to address, even in the case of the US, that benefits and impacts will not be uniformly shared, and that those with net benefits presently have no obligation to compensate those shouldering losses.

– while you fairly note that Nordhaus’ analysis can be helpful in comparing the relative net costs and benefits of different proposals, you fail to note that with changed assumptions, even using Nordhaus’ model as is, much higher estimates of “optimal” levels of carbon taxes can be derived.

– You point to Nordhaus’ remarks on how free-riding be various countries will drastically affect the benefits to be derived from any carbon taxes, but argue that this itself is a justification for the US to free ride, rather than for us to work to coordinate compliance by others.

– You also seem to be very worried that a coordinated approach would actually result in heavily distorted worldwide production, when widespread noncompliance by the various Kyoto parties indicates how ready nations are not to unilaterally assume burdens that other nations will not share.

– You also express concern that any coordinated approaches to climate change may be difficult to unwind as information changes, when it is clearly that various nations (and their industries) are acutely aware of comparative advantage and quite ready to react to what others are or are not doing (in the fact of the easy movement of capital).

– Further, you have confused measures like possible geoengineering and carbon sequestration approaches – which would be incentivized by carbon taxes and are a form of “mitigation”, with what is properly considered as “adaptation” to unavoided temperature increases and climate changes.

There are of course many other points that one would like to see Austrians making – such as the benefits of freeing up the economy from burdensome regulations (while strengthening property rights and private litigation remedies), adding greater degrees of freedom and competition to energy markets to drive greater energy efficiency, allowing immediate depreciation of capital investments, and the desirability of avoiding government-directed investments and subsidies – but perhaps these are things you intend to address in another paper spelling out a truly Austrian approach, rather than nitpicking at a single conventional CBA argument?

Sincerely,

TT

(I apologize that this is link-poor, but it seems like the best way to actually have this comment posted.)

Published: June 12, 2008 7:49 AM

Bob, allow me to suggest that you (and others) may also wish to consider taking a look at addressing also the recent short pieces by Joe Stiglitz, Tom Schelling and Ken Arrow others in last year`s The Economists’ Voice; they are as relevant as Nordhaus, and much more accessible to the average reader:

Joseph Stiglitz, A New Agenda for Global Warming

Kenneth J. Arrow, Global Climate Change: A Challenge to Policy

Thomas C. Schelling, Climate Change: The Uncertainties, the Certainties and What They Imply About Action

Published: June 12, 2008 9:41 AM